Understanding Key Stressors for Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Loss: An Overview

Biodiversity hotspots are the regions with high levels of endemic species and significant habitat loss. Coastal areas can exhibit distinct biodiversity hotspots due to their diverse habitats, such as coral reefs, mangrove forests, and intertidal zones. These hotspots often support unique assemblages of species adapted to specific coastal conditions. Ecosystem services provided by marine biodiversity include provisioning services (seafood, resources for medicine); regulating services (stable climate and clean water); cultural services (recreational and mental benefits: sea bathing); and supporting services (nutrient circulation and photosynthesis). Despite some successful conservation efforts, biodiversity continues to decline. Marine ecosystems are vulnerable to rapid changes in diversity and function. Major pressures and threats causing increasing pressure on coastal and marine biodiversity include climate change, ocean acidification, habitat destruction and changes in sea use, invasive species, overexploitation, and pollution. Preservation of coastal biodiversity is of prime importance for human wellbeing. The coastal ecosystems sustain diverse life forms and also safeguard essential ecological services. Therefore conservation and restoration of coastal biodiversity is a timeless responsibility for sustainable development. In light of these observations, this review aims to update recent information from the available literature on the key stressors of marine and coastal biodiversity loss. This study also suggests the strategies to be implemented for successful conservation and restoration of coastal and marine biodiversity.